4.9 jojoxeTi

xalxSi gavrcelebulia azri, rom jojoxeTi warmoadgens adgils, sadac xdeba codvili "ukvdavi sulebis" dasja an maTi wameba, vinc uaryofili iqneba gankiTxvis dRes. Cveni rwmenis mixedviT, biblia gvaswavlis, rom jojoxeTi aris saflavi, saiTkenac sikvdilis Semdeg yvela miemgzavreba.

Zvelebraeluri sityva "sheol", naTargmni rogorc "jojoxeTi", niSnavs dafarul adgils. ase rom, sityva "jojoxeTis" kiTxvis dros Cven ar aRviqvavT mis zust da vrcel Targmans. bibliurad es "dafaruli adgili" an "jojoxeTi" _ saflavia. arsebobs uamravi magaliTi, romelic amtkicebs, rom mkvidri sityva "sheol" iTargmneba rogorc "saflavi". amrigad, bibliis zogierTi Tanamedrove gamomcemlebi iSviaTad xmaroben sityva "jojoxeTs", da Targmnian mas ufro zusti sityviT "saflavi". ramdenime magaliTma, sadac naCvenebia, rom sityva "sheol" iTargmneba rogorc "saflavi", unda uaryon xalxuri warmodgena jojoxeTze, rogorc adgilze, sadac danTobilia cecxli da xdeba codvilTa wameba: _

_ "dae, Sercxvnen borotni da dadumdnen qvesknelSi" (saflavSi-sheol [fsalm 31:18]) isini ar ikivleben agoniaSi.

_ "RmerTi daixsnis Cems suls jojoxeTisagan" (sheol [fsalm 49:16]) ese igi, daviTis suli an sxeuli aRdgeba saflavidan anu "jojoxeTidan".

imis rwmena, rom jojoxeTi _ codvilTa sasjelis miRebis adgilia, romlisaganac isini ver gamovlen, ar Seesabameba am leqss; marTlmorwmunes SeuZlia jojoxeTSi (saflavSi) Sesvla da dabruneba, leqsi os 13:14 amtkicebs amas: "jojoxeTis xelidan gamovisyidi maT, sikvdilisgan vixsni". amaves vxedavT kor 15:55 aRdgomis Sesaxeb qristes mosvlisas. amis msgavsad, meore aRdgomis gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. nawili 5.5) "da sikvdilma da jojoxeTma daabrunes mkvdrebi, romlebic iyvnen maTSi" (gamocx 20:13). miaqcieT yuradReba sikvdilTan igiveobas, ese igi, saflavTan da jojoxeTTan (ix. aseve fsalm 6:5, 6). xanas sityvebi 1 mef 2:6 sakmaod gasagebia: "ufali akvdinebs da acocxlebs (aRdgomis saSualebiT), daamdablebs (sheol) da aamaRlebs".

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom "jojoxeTi" saflavia, unda vifiqroT, rom marTlmorwmunne xsnilni iqnebian maradiuli sicocxlisaTvis aRdgomis meSveobiT. amrigad, sruliad SesaZlebelia, Sesvla "jojoxeTSi" an samareSi da Semdeg gamosvla. amis umaRlesi magaliTi iesom gviCvena, romelic "mitovebuli ar aris jojoxeTSi da mis xorcs ar uxilavs xrwnileba" (saq 2:31), radgan igi aRdga. aRneSneT igiveoba sityvebs Soris "suli" qristesi da misi "xorci" an sxeuli. sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom misi suli ar iyo mitovebuli jojoxeTSi, metyvelebs imaze, rom man gaatara iq ramodenime xani, dazustebiT ki: sami dRe. is, rom qriste iyo "jojoxeTSi" amtkicebs, rom es ar aris is adgili, saiTkenac codvilni miemgzavrebian.

rogorc kargi, aseve cudi xalxi, miemgzavreba "jojoxeTSi", ese igi, samareSi; iesos "mieca samarxo boroteulTa gverdiT" (es 53:9). amasTanave, arsebobs sxva magaliTebic, sadac marTlmorwmuneni miemgzavrebian jojoxeTSi, ese igi, samareSi. ase iakobi "ambobda: mgloviare Caval Cems SvilTan (iosibesTan) SaveTSi" (jojoxeTSi [dab 37:35]).

RmerTis erTerTi principiuri debulebaa, rom codvis sazRauri sikvdilia (rom 6:23; 8:13; iak 1:15). zemoT Cven giCveneT, rom sikvdili Seugnebeli mdgomareobaa. mas mohyveba sruli ganadgureba da ara mudmivi wameba (maT 21:41; 22:7; mark 12:9; iak 4:12), _ es aseTive WeSmaritebaa, rogorc xalxTa sikvdili warRvnis dros (luk 17:27, 29), da rogorc israelianebi iRupebodnen udabnoSi (1 kor 10:10). orive SemTxvevaSi codvilni kvdebodnen. amitom SeuZlebelia, rom codvilni dasjili yofiliyvnen maradiuli tanjviTa da wamebiT.

Cven aseve giCveneT, rom RmerTi codvas danaSaulad ar aRiqvams im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cven ar viciT misi sityva (rom 5:13). is, vinc imyofeba amgvar mdgomareobaSi mkvdreTiT darCeba. sasjeli, romelsac codvili iRebs _ sikvdilia. aqedan gamomdinare, gasamrjelze, qristes mosvlis Semdeg, maT gamoecxadebaT sazRauri da Semdeg isini kvlav mokvdebian da amjerad samudamod. es iqneba "meore sikvdili", romlis Sesaxeb naTqvamia gamocx 2:11; 20:6. es xalxi erTxel ukve mokvda. isini Semdeg aRdgebian da ganikiTxebian qristes dabrunebis dros da Semdeg meored daisjebian sikvdiliT, romelic, rogorc maTi pirveli sikvdili, Seugnebel mdgomareobas warmoadgens. es sikvdili maradiuli iqneba.

codvis sasjeli am gagebiT "maradiuli" iqneba, ese igi sikvdils bolo ar gaaCnia. es mudmivi sasjelia. amgvar gamoTqmis magaliTs vxvdebiT rjl 11:4, sadac mocemulia faraonis jaris ganadgureba zRvaSi RmerTis mier, romlis Sedegad es jari arasdros Seawuxebs israels: "Tavze daanTqa mewamuli zRvis wylebi... da daRupuli hyavs isini dRemde ufals (RmerTs)".

Zveli aRTqmis drosac ki morwmuneebs esmodaT, rom ukanasknel dRes iqneba aRdgoma, romlis Semdeg codvili kaci dabrundeba samareSi. iobi 21:30, 32 aSkarad metyvelebda: "boroti kaci, garidebulia risxvis dRes (ese igi, aRdgeba)... sasaflaoze waasveneben (Semdeg)". qristes dabrunebis Sesaxeb erTerT igavSi naTqvamia mis winaSe daxocis SesaZleblobaze (luk 19:27). es ar Seesabameba codvilTa maradiul arsebobis ideas gonebis SenarCunebiT da mudmivi wamebiT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi es ugunuri sasjeli iqneboda _ maradiuli wameba 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi. RmerTs ar uxaria codvilTa dasja; aqedan gamomdinare, mosalodnelia, rom igi ar daadebs maT maradiul sasjels (ezek 18:23, 32; 33:11; Sd. 2 pet 3:9).

gariyuli qristianelebi xSirad akavSirebdnen "jojoxeTs" tanjvisa da cecxlis ideasTan. es upirispirdeba bibliis swavlebas jojoxeTis (samares) Sesaxeb. "cxvrebiviT Cayrian jojoxeTSi; sikvdili mwyemsavs maT" (fsalm 49:14). am leqsSi igulisxmeba, rom samareSi adamiani mSvid daviwyebas miecema. miuxedavad imisa, rom qristes suli da sxeuli sami dRis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda jojoxeTSi, mas ar uxilavs xrwnileba (saq 2:31). Tu jojoxeTi adgilia, sadac cecxli anTia, es SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ezek 32:26-30 gamoxatulia mezobeli xalxis jaris samareSi mSvidi yofnis suraTi: "yvelani windaucveTelni arian maxviliT gangmirulni... romlebic Casulni arian SaveTSi (jojoreTSi) TavianTi saomari saWurveliT, maxvilebi TavqveS rom aqvT amodebuli... da wvanan... maxviliT gangmirulebTan erTad ... saflavad CamavlebTan erTad". es Cveulebas ekuTvnis, roca daRupul meomars asaflavebdnen iaraRTan erTad. amgvarad aRwerili "jojoxeTi" ubralod samarea. es meomrebi, romlebic jer kidev jojoxeTSi wvanan (ese igi, saflavebSi) saeWvoa, rom amtkicebdnen ideas, sadac jojoxeTi cecxlad aris warmodgenili.

ionas SemTxvevis aRwera aseve upirispirdeba amas. rodesac Tevzma gadaylapa igi cocxlad, "locva aRuvlina ionam ufals, Tavis RmerTs, Tevzis stomaqidan. Tqva: WirSi myofma SevRaRade ufals... qvesknelis (jojoxeTis) muclidan Svela viTxove" (ioan 2:2, 3). aq "qvesknelis muceli" (jojoxeTi) Tevzis stomaqTan aris Sedarebuli. sinamdvileSi Tevzis stomaqi "dafaruli adgili" iyo, rac warmoadgens sityva "sheol"-is srul mniSvnelobas, romelic naTargmnia rogorc "jojoxeTi". gasagebia, rom ar iyo cecxlovani adgili da iona gamovida "qvesknelis muclidan", roca Tevzma xmeleTze gadmoanTxia igi. es qristes aRdgomis jojoxeTidan (samaredan) winaswarmetyveleba iyo _ ix. maT 12:40.

metaforiuli cecxli

magram bibliaSi xSirad aris gamoyenebuli maradiuli cecxlis gamosaxuleba RmerTis risxvis saCveneblad codvis mimarT, romelsac mihyavs kaci srul ganadgurebisaken saflavSi. sodomi dasjili iyo "saukuno cecxliT" (iuda lq. 7), ese igi, is sruliad ganadgurebuli iyo masSi mcxovrebTa codvebis gamo. amJamad es qalaqi nangrevebSia, romlebic mkvdar zRvaSi arian CaZirulni; araviTari aliT is ar aris Semovlili, rac unda yofiliyo, Tu gamoTqmas "maradiuli cecxli" aviqvamdiT sityvasityviT. amis msgavsad, ierusalimic imyofeboda RmerTis risxvis maradiuli cecxlis saSiSroebis qveS, ebraelTa codvebis Sedegad: "Tu ar gamigonebT... maSin cecxls wavukideb mis karibWeebs da cecxli SeWams ierusalimis sasaxleebs da ar Caqreba" (ierem 17:27). radganac ierusalimi momavali samefos aRTqmuli deda-qalaqia (es 2:2-4; fsalm 48:2), RmerTi ar iTvaliswinebda, rom Cven gavigebdiT am gamoTqmas sityvasityviT. ierusalimis didi saxlebi cecxlSi iwoda (2 mef 25:9), magram es xanZari maradiulad ar grZeldeboda.

amgvarad, RmerTma dasaja edomi cecxliT, romelic "ar Caqreba arc dRe, arc Rame; ukunisamde idinebs kvamli, Taobidan Taobamde ukacrieli iqneba... bukioti da yurani daibudeben masSi... mis darbazebSi ekali amova" (es 34:9-15). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom cxovelebsa da mcenareebs SeeZloT arseboba dangreul edomSi, sityvebi maradiuli cecxlis Sesazeb unda ekuTvnodes RmerTis risxvas da srul ganadgurebas. araerTxel RmerTis risxva ierusalimisa da israelis codvebis gamo, Sedarebuli iyo cecxlTan: "gadmoinTxeva Cemi risxva da brazi am adgilzeo (ierusalimze)... abrialdeba da ar Caqreba" (ierem 7:20; sxva magaliTebi gvxvdeba ieremias gidebaSi 4:11 da 2 mef 22:17).

cecxli aseve Sedarebulia RmerTis gankiTxvasTan: "radgan modis dRe, TonesaviT avarvarebuli da yvela ampartavani da avismoqmedi Cala iqneba da gadabogavs maT momavali dRe" (mal 4:1). rodesac Calas an adamianis sxeuls cecxli swvavs, igi ferflad iqceva. SeuZlebelia, rom adamianis sxeuli maradiulad iwodes. sityvebi "maradiuli cecxli" ar Seesabameba sityvasityviT maradiul wamebas. unda aRvniSnoT, rom "jojoxeTi Cayril iqneba cecxlis tbaSi" (gamocx 20:14). es imas niSnavs, rom jojoxeTi ar aris "cecxlis tba"; igi warmoadgens srul ganadgurebas. gamocxadebaSi simbolurad naTqvamia, rom samare daingreva, radgan qristes aTaswlovani gangeblobis bolos (oqros saukunes) sikvdili aRar iarsebebs.

jojoxeTi

axal aRTqmaSi gamoyenebulia ori berZnuli sityva, romlebic naTargmnia rogorc "jojoxeTi". "Hades" ekvivalenti aris Zvelebraeluri sityva "sheol", romlis Sesaxeb Cven visaubreT. "Gehenna" _ sanagves dasaxelebaa, romelic ierusalimis sazRvrebs iqiT mdebareobs. iq swvavdnen sxvadasxva narCenebs.

rogorc sakuTari saxeli, ese igi, realuri adgilis dasaxeleba, igi ar unda gadaTargmniliyo. "Gehenna" Zvelebraeluri sityvis "Ge-ben-Hinnom" arameuli ekvivalentia. es iyo adgili ierusalimis maxloblad (ieso 5:8), romelic qristes dros ixmareboda, rogorc narCenebis sanagve. mkvdar sxeulebs cecxlSi agdebdnen da es cecxli maradiulad enTo, ase rom jojoxeTi srul ganadgurebisa da uaryofis simbolod iqca.

unda kvlav aRvniSnoT, rom yvelaferi cecxlSi Cagdebuli ar rCeboda iq samudamod _ sxeuli ferflad iqceoda. "Cveni RmerTi (iqneba) mWameli cecxli" (ebr 12:29) gankiTxvis dRes; codvaze misi risxvis cecxli STanTqavms codvilebs srul ganadgurebamde. israelis xalxis winamaval gankiTxvisas jojoxeTi savse iyo codvilTa da RvTis xalxis mkvdari sxeulebiT (ierem 7:32, 33).

Tavisi saocari gziT ufalma iesom gaaerTiana Zveli aRTqmis yvela es idea da gamoiyena sityva "jojoxeTi", igi xSirad ambobda, rom isini, vinc uaryofilni iqnebian gankiTxvis dRes mis dabrunebisas, gaemgzavrebian "jojoxeTSi, dauSretel cecxlSi, sadac matli maTi ar kvdeba" (mark 9:43, 44). ebraelTa gonebaSi jojoxeTi gamoiZaxebs uaryofisa da sxeulis ganadgurebis ideebs. naTelia, rom maradiuli cecxli ideomaa, romelic warmoadgens RmerTis risxvas codvaze da codvilTa ganadgurebas sikvdilis meSveobiT.

sityvebi "matli maTi ar kvdeba" Seadgenen am ideomis nawils, radgan warmoudgenelia matli, romelic arasodes ar kvdeba. faqti, rom jojoxeTi iyo codvilTa winamaval sazRauris adgili, amtkicebs qristeTi am sityvis gamoyenebis Sesabamisobas.